7 negara yang pernah dijajah indonesia

7 negara yang pernah dijajah indonesia

1. Timor Leste

Operasi Seroja adalah sandi untuk invasi Indonesia ke Timor Timur yang dimulai pada tanggal 7 Desember 1975. Pihak Indonesia menyerbu Timor Timur karena adanya desakan Amerika Serikat dan Australia yang menginginkan agar Fretilin yang berpaham komunisme tidak berkuasa di Timor Timur. Selain itu, serbuan Indonesia ke Timor Timur juga karena adanya kehendak dari sebagian rakyat Timor Timur yang ingin bersatu dengan Indonesia atas alasan etnik dan sejarah.

2. Papua Barat

Operasi Trikora, juga disebut Pembebasan Irian Barat, adalah konflik 2 tahun yang dilancarkan Indonesia untuk menggabungkan wilayah Papua bagian barat. Pada tanggal 19 Desember 1961, Soekarno (Presiden Indonesia) mengumumkan pelaksanaan Trikora di Alun-alun Utara Yogyakarta. Soekarno juga membentuk Komando Mandala. Mayor Jenderal Soeharto diangkat sebagai panglima. Tugas komando ini adalah merencanakan, mempersiapkan, dan menyelenggarakan operasi militer untuk menggabungkan Papua bagian barat dengan Indonesia.

3. Malaysia
Pada 20 Januari 1963, Menteri Luar Negeri Indonesia Soebandrio mengumumkan bahwa Indonesia mengambil sikap bermusuhan terhadap Malaysia. Pada 12 April, sukarelawan Indonesia (sepertinya pasukan militer tidak resmi) mulai memasuki Sarawak dan Sabah untuk menyebar propaganda dan melaksanakan penyerangan dan sabotase. Tanggal 3 Mei 1963 di sebuah rapat raksasa yang digelar di Jakarta, Presiden Sukarno mengumumkan perintah Dwi Komando Rakyat (Dwikora) yang isinya: Pertinggi ketahanan revolusi Indonesia, Bantu perjuangan revolusioner rakyat Malaya, Singapura, Sarawak dan Sabah, untuk menghancurkan Malaysia

4. Malaka

Sejak tahun 1509, Pati Unus, raja Demak, sudah merancang rencana untuk menguasai Malaka. Saat itu Malaka berada di bawah kekuasaan Kesultanan Malaka. Dengan kata lain, perlu dicatat bahwa serangan Demak ke Malaka jelas bukanlah sebuah serangan anti-kekuasaan asing, tetapi sebuah invasi imperialis. Tahun 1511, Alfonso D?Alburquerque, Laksamana armada Portugis, mendahului Pati Unus dengan menaklukkan Malaka. Sultan Malaka Mahmud Syah melarikan diri ke Bintan.

5. Singapura

Usman lahir di Purbalingga, Banyumas, Jawa Tengah (1943). Harun lahir di P Bawean, Surabaya (1947). Kedua-duanya nama samaran untuk tugas sebagai sukarelawan menyusup ke Singapura, melakukan tugas sabotase dalam rangka Dwikora (Dwi Komando Rakyat). Pada waktu itu RI terlibat konfrontasi dengan Malaysia dan Singapura. Usman dan Harun tergabung dalam tim sabotir. Pada 8 Maret 1965 malam, berbekal 12,5 kg bahan peledak mereka bertolak dengan perahu karet dari P Sambu. Mereka dapat menentukan sendiri sasaran yang dikehendaki.
Maka setelah melakukan serangkaian pengintaian, pada suatu tengah malam terjadi ledakan di sebuah bangunan Mc Donald di Orchard Road. Tiga orang tewas dan sejumlah lainnya luka.

6. Indochina (Kamboja dan Vietnam)

Dari catatan sejarah dan bukti arkeologi, pada abad ke-9 Sriwijaya telah melakukan invasi dan kolonisasi di hampir seluruh kerajaan-kerajaan Asia Tenggara, antara lain: Sumatera, Jawa, Semenanjung Malaya, Thailand, Kamboja, Vietnam, dan Filipina. Dominasi atas Selat Malaka dan Selat Sunda, menjadikan Sriwijaya sebagai pengendali rute perdagangan rempah dan perdagangan lokal yang mengenakan biaya atas setiap kapal yang lewat. Sriwijaya mengakumulasi kekayaannya sebagai pelabuhan dan gudang perdagangan yang melayani pasar Tiongkok, dan India.

7 Siam ( Thailand) 

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10 Most Polluted Cities In The World In 2013

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While technological advancements have simplified our lives, their byproducts have also slowly brought about contamination and pollution to our environment. Although the entire world has its fair share of pollution, there are certain countries that lead the pack.
If you’re thinking of traveling or relocating, stop and think before you consider these cities; here is a list of the ten most polluted cities in the world.

1. Linfen, China

Coal Worker in Linfen, China (Photo credit: Andi808)

This city located along the banks of the Fen River is considered the most polluted city in the world, according to Time Magazine. Its 3,000,000 residents have to wake up to coal and particulate pollutants every day. The city is part of China’s coal belt, with the hills around the district saturated with legal (and illegal) mines.

Its air is loaded with too much burning coal that most residents are hospitalized for respiratory conditions such as black lung, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Perhaps the most definitive proof of excessive coal levels in the air is the fact that your laundry can turn black if you hang it outside for even a few minutes.

2. Tianying, China

Tianying, China (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Located in northeastern China, Tianying is a looming industrial city that is polluted with lead and other heavy metals. Because of its nomadic technology and poor policies, lead has managed to seep into its waters and once fertile soils. Unfortunately, the 140,000 citizens of one of the most polluted cities in the world, according to the Globe and Mail, are at risk of suffering from the long-term health effects of lead on the brain such as dullness, forgetfulness, irritability, loss of memory, and hallucinations.

3. Sukinda, India

Sukinda, India (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Hexavalent chromium is just one of the many metals that make Sukinda, India one of the most polluted cities in the world, according to MSN. As one of the largest opencast chromite ores mines in the globe, Sukinda waters are said to contain as much as 60% of hexavalent chromium. With that being said, such water pollution makes the 2,600,000 million Sukinda residents at risk of contracting nose ulcers, runny nose, and worse, breathing problems like cough, asthma and wheezing.Because of the lack of proper regulations, chromium-related illnesses have resulted to about 85% of mining-related deaths in the region.

4. Vapi, India

Vapi, India (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Home to 71,000 residents, Vapi is one of the several Indian towns playing home to industrial states. Unfortunately, the onset of industrialization has led to the contamination of the city’s lands and waters with chemicals and other heavy metals. What’s more alarming is that Vapi’s groundwater contains mercury (among many other heavy metals), according to National Geographic.Prolonged exposure to mercury can wreak havoc on one’s health–impairment of peripheral vision and muscle weakness to name a few. Add to that, the future of the city is at risk, as neurological problems are usually manifested in children born to mothers who have ingested mercury-laced waters.

5. La Oroya, Peru

La Oroya, Peru

As the home of many heavy metal mines and processing plants, La Oroya, Peru is the unfortunate recipient of lead, zinc, copper and sulfur runoffs. Unfortunately, 99% of the children in the area evince excessive amounts of lead in their systems–the leading culprit in their reading problems, learning problems, hearing loss, and stunted growth. With this alarming statistics, it looks like there’s no bright future for the 35,000 denizens of one of the most polluted cities in the world, especially now that Global Post says that one American smelter plant plans to reopen.

6. Dzerzhinsk, Russia

Dzerzhinsk, Russia (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Dzerzhinsk is the most polluted city in the world in terms of chemical contamination. The city is one of the victims of the aftermath of cold war, as more than 300,000 tons of chemical wastes were dumped in the city from 1930 to 1998. Dioxin and phenol levels in the water are ridiculously high: they are in fact 19 million times the acceptable limit. Because of the chemical and toxic pollutants in the city, the life expectancy for men and women are very low, at 42 and 47 years respectively.

7. Norilsk, Russia

Norilsk, Russia (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Like China and India, Russia is home to some of the most polluted cities in the world. One of them is Norilsk, home to 134,000 residents. Founded in 1935, the city originally served as a Siberian labor camp.After the liberation of the labor camp, it was transformed as the world’s largest heavy metal smelting mine. Consequently, four million tons of zinc, arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper, nickel and selenium are released to the air every year, according to worstpolluted.org. Because of the dangerously high levels of nickel and copper in the air, many Norilsk residents have succumbed to respiratory illnesses.

8. Chernobyl, Ukraine

Chernobyl, Ukraine (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Chernobyl rose to fame in April 26, 1986 when a nuclear plant meltdown released excessive amounts of radiation in the air – 100 times more than the power of Hiroshima and Nagasaki A-bombs combined. According to BBC, more than five million residents fled the city and left the 30-kilometer exclusion zone deserted.Due to the radioactive iodine that was released into the air following the plant meltdown, about 5,000 people living in the area during the time of the explosion got afflicted with thyroid cancer.

9.

Sumgayit, Azerbaijan (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Sumgayit was once a home to numerous petrochemical and industrial complexes. When these factories were fully operational, they have released 120,000 tons of mercury and other chemical emissions into the air. Although the plants have shut down, its byproducts – organic chemicals, oils and other heavy metals – have continued to pollute the land. They have caused a barrage of health problems for the 275,000 people living in the area. These pollutants utterly make Sumgayit the most polluted city in Azerbaijan.

10. Kabwe, Zambia

Kabwe, Zambia (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

Zambia was a former British colony called Northern Rhodesia. In 1902, bountiful amounts of lead were discovered and mined in the city. Despite the fact that mines and smelters are no longer actively operating in Kabwe, they have left enormous amounts of lead and cadmium residue, making the city one of the world’s most polluted, according to the Blacksmith Institute.In fact, a handful of the 255,000 residents of Kabwe – most of them children – registered lead and cadmium levels five to ten times the normal limit. Because of these heavy metals, Kabwe residents have been plagued with numerous health problems like acute pneumonitis, chest pain, fever, and in severe cases, pulmonary edema.
While technology and industrialization have brought about many benefits, the sad truth is they have taken a toll on our ecosystem and environment. With the austere fact about these most polluted cities in the world, we can only rally for better rules and regulations that can reverse the hazardous effects of pollution, while we still can.

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10 Most Expensive Houses In The World

Most of us will never get to live in an expensive, multi-million dollar house. Still, there’s a certain degree of delight and excitement that we feel in ogling the mansions, palaces, and penthouses owned by the fabulously rich.
Many of the world’s priciest private real estate properties feature gorgeous (and sometimes tacky) architecture, state-of-the-art amenities, and a name – you know a house is badass when it has its own name. To further whet your imagination, here’s a list of ten of the world’s most expensive houses.
1. Antilia

Antilia (Photo: flickr | Jay Hariani)

The most expensive house in the world as of 2013 is the Antilia, a ‘odern home located in the urban neighborhood of Mumbai, India. It is the residence of Mukesh Ambani, the fifth richest man in the entire planet.
This 27-story palace is said to cost a jaw-dropping $1 billion! Its architecture follows the philosophy of “Vastu Shastra,” making the mansion a gateway of positive energy. The Antilia features everything any person could want in a home: a ballroom, a four-story garden, health floor with Jacuzzi, and a six-story parking space.
2. Villa Leopolda

Villa Leopolda (Photo: flickr | pmo)

Valued at a whopping $506 million, Villa Leopolda is the second most expensive house in the world and considered the priciest mansion in all of Europe. Located in the French Riviera, it was built in 1902 by King Leopold II of Belgium, and is currently the property of Russian billionaire Mikhail Prokhorov, owner of the Brooklyn Nets.
Towering at 27 stories, it houses 19 bedrooms and requires 50 full-time gardeners to keep the spacious “backyard” well-maintained.  This property currently belongs to the Safra family, originally bought by banker Edmond Safra.
3. The Penthouse

The Penthouse (Photo Courtesy: thebiggestnews.com)

With picturesque views of Central London, the Penthouse of Hyde Park in England is considered the priciest flat in the world. Costing an estimated $200 million, it is equipped with a wine-tasting room and a squash playground. Home to the rich and famous, the Penthouse is equipped with state-of-the-art security features, such as an eye scanner, panic room, and bulletproof windows.

4. Fairfield Pond

Fairfield Pond (Photo: Wikipedia)

Fairfield Pond, named after its adjacent body of water, is considered one of the top ten most expensive houses in the United States. Owned by businessman Ira Leon Rennert, this 66,000 square-foot property in the Hamptons of New York is valued at $198 million. Apart from having a bowling alley and basketball court, Fairfield Pond also plays home to a hot tub that comes with a price tag of $150,000.
5. Hearst Mansion

Hearst Mansion (Photo: flickr | allistair)

The Hearst Mansion, the fifth most expensive house in the world, is a luxurious castle brimming with history. This grandiose San Simeon, California estate served as the backdrop of the world-famous movie, “The Godfather.” It was also here that the late president John F. Kennedy spent his honeymoon.
One thing that makes this $165 million estate really stand out is that it has its own disco. Apart from that, it has 29 bedrooms, 3 swimming pools, and a movie theater.
6. Franchuk Villa

Franchuk Villa (Photo Courtesy: metro.se)

Situated in London, United Kingdom, the Franchuk Villa is a 10-bedroom Victorian estate that costs $161 million. Named after owner Elena Franchuk, a Ukrainian businesswoman and philanthropist, the mansion recently went through a $16-million worth of renovation works. Before it was transformed into a home of massive proportions, it once served as an exclusive prep school for girls.
At five stories high, the villa features a panic room, private movie theater, sauna, gym and indoor swimming pool. Apart from its modern facilities, it is said that the antique artworks and expensive wood furnishings inside the house account for half the overall cost of the villa.
7. The Pinnacle

The Pinnacle (Photo Courtesy: justin.my)

Located in Montana, the Pinnacle is one of the top ten most expensive houses in the United States. Although it only occupies a relatively small area, its features give other larger estates a run for their money. Worth $155 million, this estate is the grandest home in the posh, exclusive neighborhood– the Yellowstone Club.
As the pride and joy of owners Tim and Edna Blixseth (who are also the owners of Yellowstone Club), the Pinnacle is made with a massive heated flooring installation to provide them and their guests sheer comfort and warmth in the midst of the freezing Montana weather. There is also a fireplace in every bathroom so guests will not have to worry about getting nippy in the john.
8. The Manor

The Manor (Photo: Wikipedia)

Living up to its stately name, the Manor of Los Angeles, California has 123 bedrooms, swimming pools, tennis courts, cinema room, spa, and beauty salon. Built in the late 1980s for the late (and legendary) TV producer Aaron Spelling, it is touted as the biggest home in the Los Angeles Area.
Now owned by Petra Ecclestone, daughter of the famous Bernie Ecclestone (of Formula 1), the Manor comes at a hefty price of $150 million (when it was listed for sale in 2008). It has a total land area of about 2.5 acres. This chateau-style home also features a spacious parking area that can accommodate hundreds of cars.
9. Updown Court

Updown Court (Photo: Wikipedia)

This fancy home, which costs $139 million, is located in the district of Windlesham in Surrey, England. The Updown Court features the finest amenities that life has to offer: private cinema rooms, tennis courts, and numerous bedrooms. Built in 1924, the Updown Court underwent a major renovation in 1987.
Apart from giving its human residents the finest things in life, Updown Court also has amenities for purebred animals and expensive cars. This expensive home plays host to a huge horse barn and marble garage that can accommodate eight stretch limousines.
10. Bran Castle

Bran Castle (Photo: Wikipedia)

Famously known as the Castle of Dracula, this $135 million fortress is located at the border of Wallachia and Transylvania in Romania. It once played home to Vlad III, the “Impaler” of Wallachia. Because his malevolent ways is often associated with Count Dracula, the Bran Castle is considered by many readers as the home of the bloodthirsty immortal creature from the acclaimed “Dracula” novel by Bram Stoke.
Before it became a museum of antique artifacts, the 17-bedroom Bran Castle once served as the abode of the Romanian royals

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<a href="http://www.salmanfaris28.blogspot.com">artis-artis illuminati</a><a href="http://www.salmanfaris28.blogspot.com">artis-artis illuminati</a>

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lirik Jar Of Hearts Christina Perri

Jar Of Hearts Christina Perri

I know I can't take one more step towards you
Cause all thats waiting is regret
Don't you know I'm not your ghost anymore
You lost the love I loved the most
I learned to live, half alive
And now you want me one more time
Who do you think you are?
Runnin' 'round leaving scarsCollecting a jar of hearts
Tearing love apart
You're gonna catch a cold
From the ice inside your soul
Don't come back for me
Who do you think you are?
I hear you're asking all around
If I am anywhere to be found
But I have grown too strong
To ever fall back in your arms
Ive learned to live, half alive
And now you want me one more time
Who do you think you are?
Runnin' 'round leaving scars
Collecting a jar of hearts
And tearing love apart
You're gonna catch a cold
From the ice inside your soul
Don't come back for me
Who do you think you are?
It took so long just to feel alright
Remember how to put back the light in my eyes
I wish I had missed the first time that we kissed
Cause you broke all your promises
And now you're back
You don't get to get me back
Who do you think you are?
Running around leaving scars
Collecting a jar of hearts
And tearing love apart
You're gonna catch a cold
From the ice inside your soul
So don't come back for me
Dont come back at all[x2]
Who do you think you are?
Who do you think you are?
Who do you think you are?

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love the way you lie rihanna feat eminem

  love the way you lie rihanna feat eminem

[Rihanna]Just gonna stand there and watch me burn
But that's alright because I like the way it hurts
Just gonna stand there and hear me cry
But that's alright because I love the way you lie,
I love the way you lie, I love the way you lie
[Eminem]I can't tell you what it really is
I can only tell you what it feels like
And right now it's a still night in my wind pipe
I can't breathe but I still fight while can fight
As long as the wrong feels right it's like 
I'm in flightHigh off the law, drunk from my hate
,It's like I'm huffing paint and I love it the more I suffer,
 I suffocateAnd right before I'm about to drown,
 she resuscitates me
She fucking hates me and I love it.
Wait! Where you going? I'm leaving you
No you ain't. Come back we're running right back.
Here we go againIt's so insane cus when its going good its going great
.I'm superman with the wind at his back
Shes Louis Lane but when its bad its awful,
 I feel so ashamed I snapWho's that dude?
 I don't even know his nameI laid hands on him, 
I'll never stoop so low again
I guess I don't know my own strength
[Chorus]
[Eminem]You ever love somebody so much
 you can barely breathe
When you're with 'em
You meet and neither one of you even know what hit 'em
Got that warm fuzzy feelingYeah, 
them those chills you used to get 'em
Now you're getting fucking sick of looking at him
You swore you'd never hit him; never do nothing to hurt him
Now you're in each other's face spewing venom in your words when you spit them
You push pull each other's hair, scratch claw hit himThrow him down pin him
So lost in the moments when you're in them
It's a race that's the culprit controls your boat
So they say you're best to go your separate ways
Guess if they don't know you cus today that was yesterday
Yesterday is over it's a different day
Sound like broken records playing over but you promised herNext time you show restraint
You don't get another chance
Life is no Nintendo game But you lied again
Now you get to watch her leave out the window
I guess that' s why they call it window pane
[Chorus]
[Eminem]Now I know he said things hit things that we didn't mean
And we fall back into the same patterns same routine
But your temper's just as bad as mine is
You're the same as meBut when it comes to love you're just as blindedBaby, 
please come backIt wasn't you,
 baby it was me
Maybe our relationship wasn't as crazy as it seemed
Maybe that's what happens when a tornado meets a volcano
All I know is I love you too much to walk away though
Come inside, pick up your bags off the sidewalk
Don't you hear sincerity in my voice when
 I talkI told you this is my faultLook me in the eye ball
Next time I'm pissed, I lay my fist at the drywall Next time. 
There won't be no next time I apologize even though 
I know its liesI'm tired of the games 
I just want her back
I know I'm a liar If she ever tries to fucking leave again
Im'a tie her to the bed and set this house on fire
[Chorus]

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I Love It - Icona Pop feat. Charli

I Love It - Icona Pop feat. Charli

I got this feeling on the summer day when you were gone
I crashed my car into the bridge. I watched, I let it burn
I threw your sh*t into a bag and pushed it down the stairs
I crashed my car into the bridge

I don't care, I love it. I don't care

I got this feeling on the summer day when you were gone
I crashed my car into the bridge. I watched, I let it burn
I threw your sh*t into a bag and pushed it down the stairs
I crashed my car into the bridge

I don't care, I love it. I don't care

You're on a different road, I'm in the Milky Way
You want me down on Earth, but I am up in space
You're so damn hard to please, we gotta kill this switch
You're from the 70's, but I'm a 90's b*tch

I love it!
I love it!

I got this feeling on the summer day when you were gone
I crashed my car into the bridge. I watched, I let it burn
I threw your sh*t into a bag and pushed it down the stairs
I crashed my car into the bridge

I don't care, I love it
I don't care, I love it, I love it
I don't care, I love it. I don't care

You're on a different road, I'm in the Milky Way
You want me down on Earth, but I am up in space
You're so damn hard to please, we gotta kill this switch
You're from the 70's, but I'm a 90's b*tch

I don't care, I love it
I don't care, I love it, I love it
I don't care, I love it
I don't care, I love it, I love it
I don't care
I love it

Source: http://www.lagubestbest.com/2013/01/i-love-it-icona-pop-feat-charli-xcx.html#ixzz2XyOpCzlq

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Beneath Your Beautiful Feat Emeli Sande

  Beneath Your Beautiful Feat Emeli Sande

You tell all the boys 
"No"Makes you feel good, yeah.
I know you're out of my league
But that won't scare me away, oh, no
You've carried on so long,
You couldn't stop if you tried it.
You've built your wall so high
That no one could climb it,
But I'm gonna try.
Would you let me see beneath your beautiful?
Would you let me see beneath your perfect?
Take it off now, girl, take it off now, girl
I wanna see inside
Would you let me see beneath your beautiful tonight?
You let all the girls go
Makes you feel good, don't it?
Behind your Broadway showI heard a boy say, "Please, don't hurt me"
You've carried on so long
You couldn't stop if you tried it.
You've built your wall so high
That no one could climb it.
But I'm gonna try
Would you let me see beneath your beautiful?
Would you let me see beneath your perfect?
Take it off now, boy, take it off now, boy
I wanna see inside
Would you let me see beneath your beautiful tonight, oh, tonight?
See beneath, see beneath,I...TonightI...
I'm gonna climb on top your ivory tower
I'll hold your hand and then we'll jump right out
We'll be falling, falling but that's OK'
Cause I'll be right hereI just wanna know
Would you let me see beneath your beautiful?
Would you let me see beneath your perfect?
Take it off now, girl, take it off now, girl (take it off now, boy,take it off now, boy)
'Cause I wanna see inside
Would you let me see beneath your beautiful tonight, oh, oh, oh, tonight?
See beneath your beautiful, oh, tonight.
We ain't perfect, we ain't perfect, no.
Would you let me see beneath your beautiful tonight?

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big girls don't cry

big girls don't cry

Da Da Da DaThe smell of your skin lingers on me nowYour probably on your flight back to your home townI need some shelter of my own protection babyTo be with myself instead of calamityPeace, Serenity
[CHORUS]I hope you know, I hope you knowThat this has nothing to do with youIt's personal, Myself and IWe've got some straightenin' out to doAnd I'm gonna miss you like a child misses their blanket But Ive got to get a move on with my lifeIts time to be a big girl nowAnd big girls don't cryDon't cryDon't cryDon't cry
The path that I'm walkingI must go aloneI must take the baby steps until I'm full grownFairytales don't always have a happy ending, do theyAnd I foresee the dark ahead if I stay
[CHORUS]I hope you know, I hope you knowThat this has nothing to with youIt's personal, Myself and IWe've got some straightenin' out to doAnd I'm gonna miss you like a child misses their blanket But I've got to get a move on with my lifeIts time to be a big girl nowAnd big girls don't cry
Like the little school mate in the school yardWe'll play jacks and uno cardsIll be your best friend and you'll be mineValentineYes you can hold my hand if u want toCause I want to hold yours tooWell be playmates and lovers and share our secret worldsBut its time for me to go homeIts getting late, dark outsideI need to be with myself instead of calamityPeace, Serenity
[CHORUS]I hope you know, I hope you knowThat this has nothing to do with youIt's personal, Myself and IWe've got some straightenin' out to doAnd I'm gonna miss you like a child misses their blanket But I've got to get a move on with my lifeIts time to be a big girl nowAnd big girls don't cryDon't cryDon't cryDon't cry
La Da Da Da Da Da

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10 Kota Besar Yang Lenyap dari Peradaban

10 Kota Besar Yang Lenyap dari Peradaban

Mungkin diantara kita membayangkan tentang jaman kuno, yang memiliki peradaban yang begitu sulit karena belum ditemukannya banyak tekhnologi dan ilmu pengetahuan yang mempermudah kehidupan. Tapi sebenarnya dulu banyak sekali peradaban maju yang mempunyai tekhnologi dan pengetahuan tinggi tentang cara bertahan hidup. namun kemegahan kota-kota besar dari peradaban masa lalu itu tidak menjamin mereka akan bertahan sepanjang masa..

dibawah ini adalah daftar kota-kota zaman dulu yang hilang atau musnah. Sebagian karena ditinggalkan, sebagian karena bencana dan sebagian lagi karena konflik… Kota-kota ini terkubur, hilang selama berabad-abad, sebelum ditemukan kembali dan dipelajari.
10.Pavlopetri – Yunani
blog-apa-aja.blogspot.com

Para geo-arkeologi laut kembali membuat prestasi besar dengan keberhasilannya mengungkap keberadaan kota kuno yang terendam di bawah laut. Kota bernama Pavlopetri di Yunani ini diperkirakan ada pada jaman perunggu yakni 5000-6000 tahun lalu atau 12000 tahun lebih awal dari yang diperkirakan semula. Yang menarik, jejak keberadaan kota yang tenggelam 4-5 meter di bawah laut ini masih terlihat jelas, termasuk runtuhan bangunan serta benda-benda peninggalannya seperti tembikar, keramik, dll.

Para ahli memperkirakan, inilah kota bawah laut tertua di dunia yang berhasil ditemukan. “Diperkirakan kota yang tenggelam ini adalah kota pelabuhan. Hal ini ditandai dari bangkai kapal yang berada di dekatnya. Penemuan keramik zaman neolitikum, merupakan suatu yang luar biasa. Kota ini dulunya adalah tempat perdagangan barang dan jasa yang maju,” ujar.Geo-arkeologi laut Dr Nic Flemming dari National Oceanography Centre, Southampton. Kotanya masih sangat lengkap. Bangunan rumah, jalan, halaman, gedung peribadahan, kuburan, semuanya sudah dipetakan menggunakan perlengkapan 3-D digital yang paling mutakhir.

Pavlopetri diperkirakan berasal dari periode Mycenaean (sekitar 1680-1180 SM), dari masa sejarah Yunani Kuno yang kaya akan kesusasteraan dan mitos. Dari benda-benda tembikar Neolitis yang baru saja ditemukan menunjukkan tempat ini mungkin telah ditempati sejak sedikitnya 2800 SM. Dengan mempelajari tempat bahari penting ini, peneliti berharap dapat lebih mengerti tentang peninggalan dari masyarakat Yunani Zaman Perunggu.
9. Cliff Palace, Colorado
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Tempat yang disebut dengan Istana Tebing ini terletak di Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado. Bangunan unik ini dibangun oleh masyarakat Amerika Utara pada zaman dahulu. Desain konstruksi yang unik ini memiliki tujuan perlindungan dari sengatan matahari yang panas pada masa itu.

Kita tidak bisa meremehkan begitu saja bangunan – bangunan zaman dahulu. Terkadang, dengan teknologi modern sekalipun, belum tentu dapat menghasilkan bangunan serupa dengan fungsi yang sama pula. arsitektur zaman kuno memang luar biasa, menandakan bahwa pencapaian ilmu pengetahuan pada masa itu tergolong maju
8. Akrotiri, Santorini
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Seluruh peradaban ini dilupakan sampai pergantian abad ke-20. Santorini, atau Thera, adalah rumah dari gunung berapi Thera. Ledakan Thera yang terjadi sekitar 1600 SM merupakan salah satu letusan terbesar dalam sejarah, menyebabkan runtuhnya kekaisaran Minoan. Penemuan Akrotiri pada tahun 1967 memperjelas tentang peninggalan lukisan-lukisan yang terpelihara dengan baik, perumahan yang mempunyai tiga tingkat, dan komplek pemukiman yang sangat rumit. Dari sistem penyediaan airnya menunjukkan orang-orang Akrotiri memiliki akses ke sumber air panas dan air dingin, air panas didapat dari gunung berapi (yang kelak akan memusnahkan peradaban mereka)
7. Tikal, Guatemala
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Tikal pernah menjadi ibukota dari kerajaan Maya. Situs ini diperkirakan ada dari ~ 200-900 Masehi. Berkat pelestarian peninggalan sejarah yang baik , hari ini banyak yang bisa diketahui tentang kemegahan Tikal , serta raja-raja kuat yang memerintah di sana. Situs ini terdaftar sebagai peninggalan yang misterius, dan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lokasi tanah di situs ini tidak cocok dipakai untuk membuat pemukiman. Situs megah ini diabaikan selama beberapa tahun dan kota itu ditinggalkan, sampai tertutup hutan yang lebat.

kota bangsa maya ini ditemukan pertama kali pada tahun 1848. Disana terdapat piramida dengan tinggi sampai 70m , istana kerajaan, prasasti monumental dan arena bermain untuk pertandingan bola suku Maya.
6. Timgad, Aljazair
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Timgad, atau bahasa latinnya Colonia Marciana Ulpia Traiana Thamugadi , adalah kota yang hilang dari cerita. kota ini didirikan di padang gurun atas perintah Kaisar Trajan dan tumbuh menjadi kota perdagangan yang besar. Setelah dijarah dan dirampok pada abad ke-5, kota ini terlahir kembali sebagai pusat dari kehidupan Kristen. Sebuah perampokan dan penjarahan besar-besaran terjadi lagi di abad ke-7 oleh Vandalisme menyebabkan kota ini ditinggalkan.

Pasir Sahara menutupi situs ini sehingga secara tidak langsung juga mengawetkannya sampai ditemukan kembali pada 1881. Jalan-jalan ditata dengan sempurna seperti sebuah kota yang dibangun untuk dengan konsep modern. Pada situs ini kita bias melihat lengkungan Trajan, pemandian dan kuil Jupiter.
6. Machu Picchu, Peru

Machu Picchu – adalah sebuah situs Inca pra-Columbus yang terletak 2.430 meter (7.970 kaki) di atas permukaan laut. Kota ini terletak di punggung bukit di atas Lembah Urubamba di Peru, yang berjarak 80 kilometer (50 mil) barat laut Cuzco dan melalui Sungai Urubamba. Kebanyakan arkeolog percaya bahwa Machu Picchu dibangun oleh kaisar Inca Pachacuti (1438-1472). Sering disebut sebagai “The Lost Kota Inca”, mungkin ikon paling populer milik suku Inca.

Meskipun dikenal secara lokal, situs ini tidak diketahui oleh dunia luar sebelum diperkenalkan ke dunia internasional pada tahun 1911 oleh sejarawan Hiram Bingham dari Amerika. Sejak itu, Machu Picchu menjadi daya tarik wisata yang penting dan populer.
5. Mohenjo-Daro, Pakistan
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Mohenjo-daro adalah salah satu situs terbesar dari Kebudayaan Lembah Sungai Indus, terletak di propinsi Sind, Pakistan. permukiman ini merupakan kota pertama di dunia, bersamaan dengan peradaban Mesir Kuno, Mesopotamia dan Yunani Kuno. Reruntuhan bersejarah ini dimasukkan oleh UNESCO ke dalam Situs Warisan Dunia. Arti dari Mohenjo-daro adalah “bukit orang mati”. Seringkali kota tua ini disebut dengan “Metropolis Kuno di Lembah Indus”. Mohenjo-daro dibangun sekitar tahun 2600 SM, tetapi dikosongkan sekitar tahun 1500 SM.

Mohenjo-daro terletak di sebuah bubungan di tengah-tengah dataran banjir Sungai Sindhu. Bubungan tersebut kini terkubur oleh banjir yang menyapu dataran tersebut. Bubungan tersebut memungkinkan kota Mohenjo-daro berdiri di atas dataran sekelilingnya. Situs tersebut terletak di tengah-tengah jurang di antara lembah Sungai Sindhu di barat dan Ghaggar-Hakra di timur.

Peradaban Lembah Indus (c. 3300-1700 SM, f. 2600-1900 SM) adalah sebuah peradaban sungai kuno di lembah sungai Indus di India Kuno (kini di Pakistan dan India Barat Laut). Peradaban ini juga dikenal sebagai “Peradaban Harappa.” Beberapa arkeolog berpendapat bahwa pada Peradaban Indus jumlah penduduknya mencapai lima juta jiwa.

Mohenjo-daro adalah sebuah kota yang cukup terlindungi. Walau tak ada tembok, namun terdapat menara di sebelah barat pemukiman utama, dan benteng pertahanan di selatan. Mohenjo-daro telah dimusnahkan dan dibangun kembali setidaknya tujuh kali. Pembanjiran dari Sungai Indus diduga menjadi penyebab kerusakan.
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4. Petra, Yordania
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Petra adalah sebuah situs arkeologi di Yordania, terletak di dataran rendah di antara gunung-gunung di timur Wadi Araba. Salah satu dari 7 keajaiban dunia yang baru adalah Petra. Petra adalah kota yang didirikan dengan memahat dinding-dinding batu di Yordania. Petra sendiri berasal dari bahasa Yunani yang berarti ‘batu’. Petra merupakan simbol teknik dan perlindungan. Kata ini merujuk pada bangunan kotanya yang terbuat dari batu-batu di Wadi Araba, sebuah lembah bercadas di Yordania. Kota ini didirikan dengan menggali dan mengukir cadas setinggi 40 meter.

Petra merupakan ibukota kerajaan Nabatean. Didirikan sembilan tahun sebelum Masehi sampai dengan tahun ke-40 M oleh Raja Aretas IV sebagai kota yang sulit untuk ditembus musuh dan aman dari bencana alam seperti badai pasir.

Suku Nabatean membangun Petra dengan sistem pengairan yang luar biasa rumit. Terdapat terowongan air dan bilik air yang menyalurkan air bersih ke kota, sehingga mencegah banjir mendadak. Mereka juga memiliki teknologi hidrolik untuk mengangkat air. Terdapat juga sebuah teater yang mampu menampung 4.000 orang. Kini, Istana Makam Hellenistis yang memiliki tinggi 42 meter masih berdiri kokoh di sana.

Sebenarnya, asal usul suku Nabatean tak diketahui pasti. Mereka dikenal sebagai suku pengembara yang berkelana ke berbagai penjuru dengan kawanan unta dan domba. Warga Petra awal adalah penyembah berhala. Dewa utama mereka adalah Dushara (Dzu as-Shara/Dusares}, yang disembah dalam bentuk batu berwarna hitam dan berbentuk tak beraturan. Dushara disembah berdampingan dengan Allat, dewi Bangsa Arab kuno.

Mereka sangat mahir dalam membuat tangki air bawah tanah untuk mengumpulkan air bersih yang bisa digunakan saat mereka bepergian jauh. Sehingga, di mana pun mereka berada, mereka bisa membuat galian untuk saluran air guna memenuhi kebutuhan mereka akan air bersih. Pada awalnya Petra dibangun untuk tujuan pertahanan. Namun belakangan, kota ini dipadati puluhan ribu warga sehingga berkembang menjadi kota perdagangan karena terletak di jalur distribusi barang antara Eropa dan Timur Tengah.

Pada tahun 106 Masehi, Romawi mencaplok Petra, sehingga peran jalur perdagangannya melemah. Sekitar tahun 700 M, sistem hidrolik dan beberapa bangunan utamanya hancur menjadi puing. Petra pun perlahan menghilang dari peta bumi saat itu dan tinggal legenda.

Di abad ke-14 Masehi, sebuah masjid dibangun di sini dengan kubah berwarna putih yang terlihat dari berbagai area di sekitar Petra. Harun tiba di wilayah Yordania ketika mendampingi Nabi Musa membawa umatnya keluar dari Mesir dari kejaran Raja Fir’aun. Saat berusia 10 tahun, Nabi Muhammad pernah berkunjung ke gunung ini bersama pamannya. Setelah Perang Salib di abad ke-12, Petra sempat menjadi ‘kota yang hilang’ selama lebih dari 500 tahun. Hanya penduduk lokal (suku Badui) di wilayah Arab yang mengenalnya.
3. Troya, Turki
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Troya adalah sebuah kota legendaris dan pusat dari Perang Troya seperti yang diceritakan di dalam Kumpulan Cerita-cerita Kepahlawanan Yunani terutama di dalam Iliad, salah satu dari dua puisi kepahlawanan Homer. Kota baru Ilium didirikan disana pada saat kekuasaan Kaisar Romawi Augustus. Kota ini berkembang hingga didirikannya kota Konstantinopel dan secara bertahap semakin menurun statusnya di era Byzantium. Situs arkeologi Troya dimasukkan ke dalam daftar Peninggalan Sejarah Dunia UNESCO di tahun 1998.

Perang Troya, menurut legenda, adalah penyerbuan terhadap kota Troyaoleh oleh tentara Akhaia (Yunani Mycenaean), yang terjadi setelah Paris menculik Helena dari suaminya Menelaos, raja Sparta. Perang ini merupakan salah satu peristiwa penting dalam mitologi Yunani dan diceritakan di banyak karya sastra Yunani.
10 Kota Besar Yang Lenyap dari Peradaban
Pada Perang Troya, para prajurit Yunani bersembunyi di dalam Kuda yang berukuran raksasa sebagai simbol pengabdian kepada Poseidon. Kuda Troya tersebut menurut para petinggi Troya dianggap tidak berbahaya, dan diizinkan masuk ke dalam benteng Troya yang tidak dapat ditembus oleh para prajurit Yunani selama kurang lebih 10 tahun perang Troya bergejolak.
1. Pompeii, dan Herculaneum
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Pompeii adalah sebuah kota zaman Romawi kuno di wilayah Campania, Italia. Pompeii hancur oleh letusan gunung Vesuvius pada 79 M. Debu letusan gunung Vesuvius menimbun kota Pompeii dengan segala isinya menyebabkan kota ini hilang selama 1.600 tahun sebelum ditemukan kembali . Kota ini berdiri di lokasi yang terbentuk dari aliran lava ke arah utara di hilir Sungai Sarnus.

Pada abad pertama M, Pompeii hanyalah salah satu dari sekian kota yang berlokasi di sekitar kaki Gunung Vesuvius. Wilayah ini cukup besar dan penduduknya makmur karena daerah pertaniannya subur. Beberapa kelompok kota kecil di sekitar Pompeii seperti Herculaneum juga menderita kerusakan atau kehancuran oleh tragedi letusan Vesuvius.

didirikan sekitar abad ke-6 SM oleh orang-orang Osci atau Oscan, kelompok masyarakat di Italia tengah. Saat itu, kota ini digunakan sebagai pelabuhan oleh pelaut Yunani dan Fenisia. Pada tahun 62 M, sebuah gempa bumi hebat merusak Pompeii bersama banyak kota lainnya di Campania. Di masa antara tahun 62 M hingga letusan besar Vesuvius tahun 79 M, kota ini dibangun kembali, mungkin lebih megah dalam bidang bangunan dan karya seni dari sebelumnya.

Pada awal Agustus tahun 79, mata air dan sumur-sumur mengering. Getaran-getaran gempa ringan mulai terjadi pada 20 Agustus 79 , dan menjadi semakin sering pada empat hari berikutnya, namun peringatan-peringatan itu tidak disadari orang, dan pada sore hari tanggal 24 Agustus, sebuah letusan gunung berapi yang mematikan terjadi. Ledakan itu menghancurkan wilayah tersebut, mengubur Pompeii dan daerah-daerah pemukiman lainnya.

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